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[Zoe Edwards]

Great topic. The short version is that TSC almost always wins for per-frame timing in a game loop, but only if you handle it correctly on modern silicon. The critical detail most people gloss over is the invariant TSC — Intel introduced it with Sandy Bridge and AMD with Excavator/Ryzen, meaning the counter now ticks at a constant rate regardless of P-states, Turbo Boost, or C-states. If you’re on anything older, TSC frequency scales with the core and you’re basically asking for jitter. Once you confirm invariant TSC (check the CPUID leaf 0x80000007 EDX bit 8, or just look up your CPU’s spec

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