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[Gabriel Clark]

HRTF fundamentally captures how your head, pinnae, and torso acoustically sculpt incoming sound before it hits the eardrum, and understanding the pinna’s role is where most people get it wrong. The key insight is that there are two distinct cue families at play: interaural time differences (ITD) and interaural level differences (ILD) give you horizontal azimuth localization, but they’re nearly useless for resolving elevation or front-vs-back confusion. That’s exactly where pinna diffraction comes in—the folds of the concha, tragus, and external canal create direction-dependent spectral notches and peaks (typically between 5–10 kHz) as sound waves diffract around the cartilage structure. These spectral

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